![]() ![]() In the following, we first briefly review the literature-exploring reactions to events in LBSM and ways of characterizing context. To demonstrate, through an implementation, how the conceptual model can be applied in real analysis tasks of reactions to natural and social events To develop a conceptual model of reactions to events in LBSM, which reflects both interdependencies between reactions and events, and also differentiates between the properties of reactions and events. We therefore set out to address this gap, by exploring the relationship between, and implications of explicitly modelling, reactions and events in LBSM. Crucially, while events and reactions share attributes, which is why any reaction on social media can also be treated as an event, specific characteristics only apply to reactions. However, current work often ignores the distinction between an event, with a physical manifestation representing some form of change, and thus being bounded in time (and space), and reactions to such an event broadcast in location-based social media (LBSM). The purpose of our framework is to explore ways in which collective reactions to events in LBSM can be described and underpin the development of methods for analysing and understanding collective reactions to events.Įvents are one of the core concepts of spatial information proposed by Kuhn ( Citation2012), and their study, often in the form of social media, has become increasingly popular in GIScience (e.g. a temporal window around the result of a vote). political processes such as Brexit or elections), which can be decomposed into series of individual events (e.g. Other events may have very complex spatio-temporal signatures (e.g. For a thematically well-defined class of event such as storms, we can explore differences and similarities in collective attribution of meaning across space and time. We present a conceptual framework, which allows characterization and comparison of collective reactions. They can be characterized according to the following dimensions: spatial, temporal, social, thematic and interlinkage. Collective reactions are composed of multiple individual reactions sharing common referents. ![]() Key characteristics of reactions include referent events and information about who reacted, when, where and how. Individuals have varied degrees of agency in initiating, reacting to or modifying the course of events, and reactions include observations of occurrence, expressions containing sentiment or emotions, or a call to action. Events are a core concept of spatial information, but location-based social media (LBSM) provide information on reactions to events. ![]()
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